11 Chem, week 5 - Familiarize yourself with the Nomenclature!

Hey y'all, it's Liam.
Before I begin, let me just say how wonderful it is to be back in the swing of this blog!  As you may have noticed, I haven't been as regular as I would've liked with these posts, and as a result I feel that I may have let you guys down a bit.  Never fear, I will be posting on Sundays from now on!
This week's post might be a bit shorter than the posts in weeks past.  I only read about nomenclature rules.  That being said... there's a lot of them.  Let's get started.

The law of the making-up-scientific-names-that-everyone-has-to-use land

Nomenclature, when talking in the scientific sense, is a set of terms that apply to a specific scientific discipline.  These terms are created by the IUPAC (see above picture) and are universal, meaning that everyone involved in this discipline in the world must use these terms when talking about their work.  For instance, the names of binary acids all start with hydro- and end with -acid.  A chemist working with binary acids in Germany, therefore, cannot use his own slang when referring to said acids; he must use the IUPAC's defined nomenclature so that, when working with scientists from other parts of the world, he can communicate efficiently with them.

Quick review:

• Ionic compounds go [metal][nonmetal] and the nonmetal ends with -ide instead of whatever it usually ends with
• An atom's valence is the number of electrons within it's outer shell, while it's charge is the value attained by an atom after the addition or removal of electrons
• When finding the chemical formula of an ionic compound, you have to find the valencies of both atoms. If they match up and equal out, you're all good. If not, then the metal has the same number of atoms as the charge of the nonmetal, and vice versa (if both subscripts are divisible by a number, you are able to divide them both out)

Now, on to the fun stuff.  Oxyanions are a combination of a nonmetal (except for oxygen & selenium) and oxygen, written as [nonmetal][oxygen].  These molecules have different charges (always negative, and the superscript is only on oxygen) and different numbers of oxygen atoms connected with the nonmetal.  The naming scheme for this is kind of wonky, so here's an example: PO4 (charge of 3-) is phosphate.  Essentially, the first part of the name is then followed by -ate.  However, if the number of oxygen atoms within a specific oxyanion (for this example, PO4), the -ate ending changes:

• 1 more oxygen atom than -ate ending: Per-ate
• 1 less oxygen atom than -ate ending: -ite
• 2 less oxygen atoms than -ate ending: Hypo-ite

Finally, ionic compounds that have transition metals in them are cool and funky: they can have more than one valency value.  Roman numerals are used in front of the names of the transition metal within the ionic compounds to determine the valency of said transition metal.  There are two exceptions to the Roman numeral rule: silver (always has a charge of 1+) and zinc (always has a charge of 2+).
Now... Covalent compounds...............
Right off the bat, covalent compounds need a different nomenclature system; NO, N2O, and NO2 can't all be nitrogen oxide (which they would be in the regular ionic naming system).  One way of fixing this issue is by using Greek prefixes.  These prefixes are used in the chemical names, based on how many atoms of a certain element are in that compound.  For instance, dihydrogen monoxide indicates that there are two hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom in the chemical formula.  While the second element will always have a prefix, the first element doesn't get a prefix only if the prefix would be mono-.  In other words, if there is only one atom of the first element in a compound, it doesn't need a prefix.
More review: diatomic atoms are atoms that can bond with themselves.  These elements are HOFBrNICl.
The last concept that I covered this week was acids (and bases)! Here is some cursory information:

• Binary acid
• First element ALWAYS H
• In formula form, state symbol of aq will be there (means it’s in aqueous state, which means that its in solution with water (acids AND bases are always in solution w/ water))
• Form is always hydro-ic acid
• Bases
• aq ALWAYS state symbol
• ALWAYS ends with OH- (hydroxide)
• Cupric hydroxide = Cu(OH)2 (aq)
• NH4OH (aq)= Ammonium hydroxide
• Oxyacids
• Always contain 3 elements
• First element is always hydrogen, last is always oxygen
• Always in aqueous state
• Based on oxyanions combining with hydrogen

Update on the vibrating mouse: SOMEWO/MENAREFLYINGINTOTHESUN


Thank you for reading, hopefully you found some joy with this nice peak into my chemistrical life (Is that a word?  I don't think it's a word) and I hope to keep providing said entertainment until we finish our little journey together!  As a side note, I'm new to blogging so please don't be perturbed by my lack of pinache.  I'll try my best to learn how to do this right, even as I continue to brgy7u8hj9i0o-lhesminenow